[center]1938[/center]
1929-2009
By Henri DeGaulle
The defenses were organized as follows:
1) Border Post line - The line of defenses built near the border, these were simple blockhouses (some were disguised as houses and barns) designed to give advance warning of an attack.
2) The Support Line - set back 3 km from the border, they would provide the fall back positions for the border defenses. A number of flood zones were in this line of defense.
3) The Main line of resistance. Here were the main fortresses (ouvrages). These were designed to funnel the German offensive and to cause as much damage to the Germans as possible. More had been planned but never built.
The ouvrages were:
Ouvrage Boussois
Ouvrage de la Ferte
Ouvrage Eth
Ouvrage Four a Chaux
Ouvrage Hackenberg
Ouvrage Haut-Poirier
Ouvrage Hobling
Ouvrage Latiremont
Ouvrage Laudrefang
Ouvrage Mauvais Bois
Ouvrage Molvange
Ouvrage Mont des Welches
Ouvrage Rochonvillers
Ouvrage Simserhof
Motorized infantry units monitored the areas in between the ouvrages.
The Cancun Landings
The first part of 1938's Fleet Problem XIX was the Marine landing at Cancun. The landings were divided into two parts. The first landing would be against hastily constructed beach defenses. The defending army troops (actually there were Mexican Military Auxiliary Troops - former Mexican Army soldiers working for the US Military) would have 2 days notice of the landings and would construct beach defenses. The Navy and Marine Air flying off the Ranger would attack those positions for 8 hours before landing.
The umpires considered the first landing a success. This was despite the fact that nearly 1/3 of the Marines were landed on the wrong beach.
The second part of the landings was a different matter. This time the defenders had two weeks to construct beach defenses. Sand, dirt and log blockhouses were built (concrete was not used due to the time constraints) for machine and light to medium artillery. Underwater minefields (unarmed) were laid - the defenders let the umpires know their exact positions. Plenty of barbed wire was laid.
The landings took place at dawn February 17, 1938. The battleship New York and the battle cruiser Puerto Rico, plus several cruisers and destroyers laid down an 18 hour barrage. The umpires were shocked to find 10 Mexican Auxiliaries still inside several of the larger blockhouses. They were deafened from the noise but otherwise unharmed. They had wanted to prove that soldiers could be in those bunkers and still be able to fight. The umpires ruled that the men were unfit for combat.
The umpires ruled that the defending anti-aircraft fire and defending fighters shot down 8 Marine fighters and dive-bombers before they were wiped out. They also ruled that the landings were a success despite protests from the defenders that most of the defenses, including the barbed wire were intact and capable of at least stopping the first wave in their tracks.
The Air Defenses of the Panama Canal
In 1938, there were 8 USAAC Squadrons in the Panama Canal Zone. There were four pursuit squadrons, 2 equipped with Consolidated P-30s and 2 were in the process of switching from the P-26 to the more modern Seversky P-35. The 38th & 54th Pursuit Squadrons (P-30s) were based on the Pacific side of the PCZ based at Balboa Army Air Field.
Task Force 21 was tasked with attacking Forts Amador and Grant and Balboa AAF first and then taking out the locks. TF 21 consisted of the carriers Lexington, Saratoga and United States, with the battle cruisers Alaska, Guam, and Hawaii along with escorting cruisers and destroyers. In all, there were 22 warships approaching Panama.
The 9th Bombardment Squadron also flew out of Balboa flying the B-12. They were tasked with finding TF21. Two of their bombers flew within 10 miles of the TF on the morning of Friday, February 4, 1938 but missed the Task Force. The TF planned a dawn attack for Saturday morning.
At 7:30am, Saturday, February 5, the first wave consisting of 18 Grumman F3F fighters and 24 Great Lakes BG dive bombers crossed the Panamanian coast. The second wave, taking off an hour later, consisted of an additional 20 F3Fs and 18 USMC BG dive bombers. The planes were picked up by an experimental SCR-268 radar being tested in the area. The operators, not knowing of the exercises, merely logged the information and didn't notify their superiors until afterwards.
The umpires ruled the attacks an overwhelming success. The attacking planes, it was determined, had "destroyed or severely damaged" 80% of the defending fighters and bombers on the ground. The umpires also ruled the coastal artillery batteries at Fort Amador were considered badly damaged, Fort Grant's batteries were considered operational with six attacking planes shot down. The nearby locks were ruled moderately damaged.
The umpires also ruled the attack by the 4 "surviving" B-12s was a minor success, ruling 3 hits on the USS Guam., but at the cost of 3 of the bombers being shot down.
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
The Pearl Harbor attack exercise was one of the largest peacetime naval and army exercises ever mounted. More than 300 Army Air Corps, Marine and Naval aircraft and over 100 warships took part. In addition, parts of the Hawaiian Division were used as well.
Shortly after dawn on Sunday, February 28, 1938 several hundred Navy and Marine aircraft flew over Diamond Head and began "attacking" Luke Field on Ford Island, Hickam Field, Schoefield Barrack, and Wheeler Field. Umpires ruled that the attackers had achieved air superiority over the islands. The second wave of attacks, following some 45 minutes after the first wave hit Pearl Harbor.
There were 32 US Navy ships in port at the time, ranging from the battleship USS California down to the submarine USS Argonaut. When the attack began, California was already underway in the harbor, after being attacked numerous times, umpires ruled that she had been sunk in the channel effectively bottling up the harbor.
More senior "battleship" admirals later over ruled the umpires stating that this was supposed to be a realistic test and air power could not inflict that much damage on warships. The Commander-in-Chief, US Fleet canceled the remaining part IV of the Fleet Problem stating that it would be part of the 1939 Fleet Problem.
[
OFFICE OF NAVAL INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE MEMO
TOP SECRET
Date: February 2, 1938[/b]
From: Director, ONI
To: POTUS
CNO
CINCUS
CINC ATLANTIC FLEET
CINC PACIFIC FLEET
CINC ASIATIC FLEET
Subject: Naval intelligence updates
British Empire: The Singapore Naval Base is in the final stages of competition. Defenses will include an infantry division, aircraft and naval coastal artillery.
We have received preliminary reports that the loss of HMS Resolution was the result of an act of sabotage by the Irish terrorist group the IRA.
The two King George V battleships Queen Victoria and Agincourt entered service in mid January. The remaining two KGV class ships Black Prince and Princess Royal will enter service in early 1940.
France: The French Navy is currently building a new class of battleships called the Richelieu class. The 3 ships will be the Richelieu, Jean Bart and the Clemenceau.. The Dunkerque class battleships Dunkerque and Strasbourg have both entered service within the last year and a half.
Germany: The German Reichsmarine is currently building 2 Bismarck class battleships. The Bismarck was laid down in 1936 and is expected to be in service in mid 1939. The Hindenberg was laid down in early 1937 and is expected to be in service by late 1940. The Germans have announced the construction of a third Bismarck to be named Tirpitz.
The Germans have also begun construction of the first "P Class" cruiser. ONI believes this ship will be named Prinz Octavio. She will enter service in 1940.
The Germans are also building light cruisers, fleet destroyers and submarines.
Italy: The battleship Giulio Cesare has re-entered into service after being completely rebuilt. The Italian Navy is currently modernizing her entire battle fleet.
Japan: The four ships of the Kongo class have all been taken out of service. The official word from the IJN is that cracks have developed in their keels and they are all undergoing extensive repairs.
OF ORGANIZATION - BRIGADE AND
DIVISION SIZED UNITS
1938
Armored Brigade
Headquarters & Headquarters Company
Military Police Platoon
Combat Engineer Company
Maintenance Company
Medical Company
Ordnance Company
Motorized Artillery Battalion
Armored Infantry Battalion
3 Armored Battalions
Reconnaissance Platoon
Armored Division
Headquarters & HQ Company
Transportation Company
Reconnaissance Company
Military Police Company
Maintenance Battalion
Medical Battalion
Ordnance Battalion
Combat Engineer Battalion
3 Motorized Artillery Battalions
Armored Infantry Regiment
2 Armored Regiments
Mechanized Cavalry Brigade
Headquarters & HQ Company
Military Police Platoon
Maintenance Company
Medical Company
Motorized Artillery Company
Ordnance Company
3 Mechanized Cavalry Battalions
Mechanized Cavalry Division
Headquarters & HQ Company
Maintenance Battalion
Military Police Company
Ordnance Battalion
Combat Engineer Company
2 Motorized Artillery Battalions
Light Tank Battalion
Transportation Company
3 Mechanized Cavalry Regiments
US ARMY ORDER OF BATTLE
MARCH 1, 1938
1st United States Army
HQ Cincinnati, OH
15th US Armored Brigade (Cincinnati)
32nd Mechanized Cavalry Brigade (Dayton)
I US Corps
HQ Fort Snelling
1st US Infantry Division (Fort Grant, IL)
33rd US Infantry Division (IA, WI, IL NG) (Fort Snelling)
43rd US Infantry Division (CLD) (NG) (Fort McCoy, WI)
2nd US Armored Brigade (Fort Grant)
V US Corps
HQ Fort Hayes, OH
3rd US Mechanized Cavalry Division (Fort Knox)
72nd US Infantry Division (IN, KY, OH, WV NG) (Camp Dawson, WV)
100th US Infantry Division (Cincinnati, OH)
13th Armored Brigade (Fort Hayes)
VII US Corps
HQ: Fort McNair
8th US Infantry Division (Fort Meyer)
21st US Armored Division (NY/PA NG) (Camp Seward)
28th Infantry Division (PA NG) (Fort Indiantown Gap)
29th US Infantry Division (MD, NJ NG) (Fort Carroll)
42nd US Infantry Division (NY NG) (Fort Hamilton)
1st US Armored Brigade (Fort McNair)
VIII US Corps
HQ: Fort Devens
11th US Infantry Division (Fort Nathan Hale)
34th US Infantry Division (CT/MA/ME/RI/VT NG) (Fort Chamberlain)
19th Mechanized Cavalry Division (Fort Adams)
3rd US Armored Brigade (Fort Nathan Hale)
18th US Mechanized Cavalry Brigade (Fort Devens)
2nd United States Army
HQ: Atlanta, GA
5th US Armored Brigade (Fort William King)
40th US Mechanized Cavalry Brigade (Fort Riley)
III US Armored Corps
HQ: Fort Hoodl
7th US Armored Division (Fort Hood)
15th US Mechanized Cavalry Division (Motorized) (Fort Hood)
37th US Infantry Division (NM/OK/TX NG) (Camp Lindsay)
12th US Armored Brigade (Fort Hood)
IV US Corps
HQ: Biloxi, MS
12th US Infantry Division (Fort William King, Birmingham)
31st US Infantry Division (MS/AL NG)(Camp Keesler)
38th US Infantry Division ((AR/LA/TN NG) (Camp Milne)
69th US Mechanized Cavalry Division (Fort Polk)
IX US Corps
HQ: Fort Riley
13th US Infantry Division (Helena)
30th US Infantry Division (Fort Riley)
41st US Infantry Division (CO/KS/MO NG) (Camp McCook)
4th US Armored Brigade (Fort Riley)
3rd United States Army
HQ: The Presidio
13th Mechanized Cavalry Brigade (The Presidio)
II US Corps
HQ: Bismarck
2nd US Infantry Division (Fargo)
4th US Infantry Division (Casper)
18th US Infantry Division (Bismarck)
9th US Armored Brigade (Casper)
VI US Corps
HQ: Fort Lawton
5th US Infantry Division (Fort Joseph)
40th US Infantry Division (ID/MT/OR/WA NG) (Camp Curry)
82nd Infantry Division (Light) (Bremerton)
11th Mechanized Cavalry Brigade (Fort Lawton)
X US Armored Corps
HQ: Sacramento
24th US Armored Division (AZ/NM/UT NG) (Carson City)
47th US Infantry Division (Los Angeles)
61st US Mechanized Cavalry Division (CA NG) (Camp San Luis Obispo)
94th US Infantry Division (Salt Lake City)
49th Armored Brigade (Sacramento)
XII US Alpine Corps
HQ: Fort Lyon, CO
17th US Alpine Division (Forming) (Fort Lyon)
20th US Alpine Division (Fort Lyon)
4th United States Army
HQ: Mexico City
7th Armored Brigade (Cancun)
25th Mechanized Cavalry Brigade (Mexico City)
XI US Corps
HQ: Meridia
1st Mexican Security Division (Meridia)
6th US Infantry Division (Cozumel)
14th US Infantry Division (Belmopan)
22nd US Armored Division (Villahermosa)
33rd Armored Brigade (Comitan)
XIV US Corps
HQ: Veracruz
3rd Mexican Security Division (Puebla)
16th US Infantry Division (Cld)(Veracruz))
23rd US Mechanized Cavalry Division (Acupulco)
44th Infantry Division (Oaxaca)
18th US Armored Brigade (CLD) (Tuxpan)
XIX Corps
HQ: Guadalajara
1st US Mechanized Cavalry Division (Puerto Vallarta)
2nd Mexican Security Division (Tampico)
3rd US Infantry Division (Motorized) (Guadalajara)
46th US Infantry Division (Cld) (Tampico)
10th US Armored Brigade (San Lois Potosi)
12th US Armored Brigade (Fresnillo)
Alaskan Department
177th Infantry Regiment (Light) (Territorial Guard)
Hawaiian Department
Hawaiian Division
Panama Canal Zone
93rd US Infantry Brigade
Philippine Department
Philippine Division
17th US Cavalry Brigade (CLD) (Horse)
ORDER OF BATTLE
MARCH 1, 1938
5 Combat Wings
7 Pursuit Groups
4 Bombardment Groups
4 Observation Groups
2 Attack Groups
2 Transport Groups
3 Training Groups
30 Pursuit Squadrons (8 P-35, 3 P-36, 4 P-30, 10 P-26, 5 P-29)
18 Bombardment Squadrons (4-B-10, 6 B-12, 1 B-17, 7 B-18)
16 Observation Squadrons (1 O-31, 7 0-43, 5 O-46, 1 OP-3*)
9 Attack Squadrons (2 A-12, 7 A-17)
8 Transport Squadrons (4 C-36 Electra, 4 C-38)
10 Training Squadrons (2 AT-7, 2 BT-9, 3 PT-17, 3 T-6)
* Autogyros
ORDER OF BATTLE
MARCH 1, 1938
1st Marine Division (HQ: New River, NC)
2nd Marine Brigade (+)* (HQ: Camp Pendleton, CA)
Other units:
3rd Marine Regiment (HQ: Pearl Harbor)
4th Marine Regiment (HQ: Shanghai)
5th Marine Regiment: (HQ: Guantanamo Bay)
(* Expanding to division sized)
2 Marine Air Wings
2 Marine Air Groups (carrier qualified)
1 Marine Air Training Group
1 Marine Reserve Air Group
9 Fighter Squadrons (3 F2F, 6 F3F0
8 Attack Squadrons (5 Great Lakes BG, 3 SB2U)
8 Torpedo Squadrons (8 TBD)
2 Transport Squadrons (2 R2D)
ORDER OF BATTLE
MARCH 1, 1938
7 Carrier Air Groups
3 Reserve Carrier Air Groups
2 Training Wings
5 Patrol Wings
24 Fighter Squadrons (4 F2F, 20 F3F)
12 Attack Squadrons (3 Great Lakes BG, 6 SB2U, 3 BT-1)
16 Torpedo/Scout Squadrons (16 TBD)
15 Patrol Squadrons (15 PBY Catalina)
12 Scout Squadrons (8 SOC-1, 4 OS2U (converting from SOC-1)
12 Training Squadrons (1 PBY Catalina, 4 NS1, 1 SNB-1, 6 N3N)
6 Transport Squadrons (C-21 2 UC-45, 2 R2D-1)
